CARACALLA and JULIA DOMNA 198AD Marcianopolis Tyche Ancient Roman Coin i53847

Description

Item:
i53847
Authentic Ancient Coin of:
Caracalla
-
Roman Emperor
: 198-217 A.D. -
Bronze 26mm (11.90 grams) of
<="" font="" face="Times New Roman"> Marcianopolis in Moesia Inferior under Magistrate Quintillianus
Laureate, draped and cuirassed bust of Caracalla on left facing right facing draped bust Julia Domna  on right facing left.
VΠ KVNTIΛIANOV MAPKIANOΠOΛITΩN,
Tyche standing left, holding rudder and cornucopia;
Є in field to left
.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured,  provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of  Authenticity.
Tyche (Greek for luck; the Roman equivalent was
Fortuna
)  was the presiding
tutelary deity
that governed the fortune and  prosperity of a city, its destiny. Increasingly during the Hellenistic period, cities had their  own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a
mural crown
(a crown like the  walls of the city).
The  Greek historian
Polybius
believed that when no cause can be  discovered to events such as floods, droughts, frosts or even in politics, then  the cause of these events may be fairly attributed to Tyche.
Stylianos Spyridakis  concisely expressed Tyche's appeal in a  Hellenistic world of arbitrary violence and unmeaning reverses: "In the  turbulent years of the
Epigoni of Alexander
, an awareness of the  instability of human affairs led people to believe that Tyche, the blind  mistress of Fortune, governed mankind with an inconstancy which explained the  vicissitudes of the time."
In literature, she might be given various genealogies, as a daughter of
Hermes
and
Aphrodite
, or considered as one of the
Oceanids
, daughters of
Oceanus
and
Tethys
, or of
Zeus
. She was connected with
Nemesis
and
Agathos Daimon
("good spirit").
She was uniquely venerated at
Itanos
in Crete, as
Tyche Protogeneia
,  linked with the Athenian
Protogeneia
("firstborn"), daughter of
Erechtheus
, whose self-sacrifice saved the  city.
She had temples at
Caesarea Maritima
,
Antioch
,
Alexandria
and
Constantinople
. In
Alexandria
the
Tychaeon
, the temple of  Tyche, was described by
Libanius
as one of the most magnificent of the  entire Hellenistic world.
Tyche appears on many
coins
of the Hellenistic period in the three  centuries before the Christian era, especially from cities in the Aegean.  Unpredictable turns of fortune drive the complicated plotlines of
Hellenistic romances
, such as
Leucippe and Clitophon
or
Daphnis and Chloe
. She experienced a  resurgence in another era of uneasy change, the final days of publicly  sanctioned
Paganism
, between the late-fourth-century  emperors
Julian
and
Theodosius I
who definitively closed the  temples. The effectiveness of her capricious power even achieved respectability  in philosophical circles during that generation, though among poets it was a  commonplace to revile her for a fickle harlot.
In
medieval art
, she was depicted as carrying a
cornucopia
, an
emblematic
ship's rudder, and the
wheel of fortune
, or she may stand on the  wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate.
The constellation of
Virgo
is sometimes identified as the heavenly  figure of Tyche, as well as other goddesses such as
Demeter
and
Astraea
.
Marcianopolis
, or
Marcianople
was an ancient Roman city in
Thracia
. It was located at the site of modern day
Devnya
,
Bulgaria
.
The city was so renamed by Emperor
Trajan
after  his sister
Ulpia Marciana
, and was previously known as Parthenopolis. Romans repulsed a
Gothic
attack to  this town in
267
(or
268
), during the  reign of
Gallienus
.
Diocletian
made it the capital of the
Moesia Secunda
province.
Valens
made  it his winter quarters in 368 and succeeding years, Emperor
Justinian  I
restored and fortified it. In 587, it was sacked by the king of the
Avars
but at once retaken by the Romans. The Roman army quartered there in  596 before crossing the Danube to assault the Avars.
Between 893 and 972 it was one of the most important medieval cities in  south-eastern Europe.
Julia  Domna
(unknown date–217) was a member of the
Severan dynasty
of the
Roman Empire
. Empress and wife of
Roman Emperor
Lucius
Septimius Severus
and mother of Emperors
Geta
and
Caracalla
, Julia was among the most important  women ever to exercise power behind the throne in the Roman Empire.
Family  background
Julia was of Syrian origin from the ancient city of
Emesa
. Her ancestors were Kings Priest of the famous temple of
Baal
. The family lost its kingdom to Rome but continued domination of  the temple of Baal. The family had an enormous wealth and was promoted to Roman  senatorial aristocracy. She was the youngest daughter of high-priest Gaius
Julius Bassianus
and her eldest sister was
Julia Maesa
.
Reign
In the late 180s, Julia married future Emperor
Septimius Severus
who himself was in part of
Punic
background. The marriage proved to be a  happy one and Severus cherished his wife and her political opinions, since she  was very well read and keen on philosophy. Together, they had two sons, Lucius  Septimius Bassianus (
Caracalla
)  in 186 and
Publius Septimius Geta
in 189.
Civil  War
When Severus became emperor in 193 he had a civil war waiting  for him, against rivals such as
Pescennius Niger
and
Clodius Albinus
. Julia accompanied him in his  campaigns in the East, an uncommon event in a time when women were expected to  wait in Rome for their husbands. Nevertheless, she remained with the emperor and  among the several proofs of affection and favour are the minting of coins with  her portrait and the title
mater castrorum
(mother of the camp).
Julia now had complete power and ruled behind the Roman  Empire. Many early Romans disliked the fact of her ruling over the throne when  Septimius Severus was at war.
Controversy  and transition of power
As empress, Julia was often involved in intrigues and had  plenty of political enemies who accused her of treason and adultery. None of  these accusations were proven, Severus continued to favour his wife and insisted  on her company in the campaign against the
Britons
that started in 208. When Severus died,  in 211 in
York
, Julia became the mediator between their  two sons.
Caracalla
and
Geta
who were to rule as joint emperors,  according to their father's wishes expressed on his will. But the two young men  were never fond of each other and quarrelled frequently. Geta was murdered by  Caracalla's soldiers in the same year.
Caracalla was now sole emperor, but his relations with his  mother were difficult, as attested by several sources, probably due to his  involvement in Geta's murder. Nevertheless, Julia accompanied Caracalla in his  campaign against the
Parthian empire
in 217. During this trip,  Caracalla was assassinated and succeeded (briefly) by
Macrinus
. On hearing about the rebellion, Julia  chose to commit suicide. Her body was brought to Rome and placed in the
Sepulcrum C. et L. Caesaris
(perhaps a separate chamber in the
Mausoleum of Augustus
). Later, however, both  her bones and those of Geta were transferred by her sister
Julia Maesa
to the
Mausoleum of Hadrian
.
[2]
She was later deified.
Caracalla 198-217 A.D.
Caesar:  195-198 A.D. (under
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Septimius Severus
)
Augustus: 198-217 A.D. (198-209 A.D. with
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Septimius Severus
) (209-211 A.D. with
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Septimius Severus
and
Geta
) (211 A.D. with
Geta
) (211-217 A.D. Sole Reign)
Son of
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Septimius Severus
and
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Julia Domna
| Brother of
Geta
| Husband of
<="" font="" color="#000000">
Plautilla
="">
| Nephew of
<="" font="" color="#000000">
Julia Maesa
="">
| Cousin of
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Julia Soaemias
and
<="" font="" color="#000000" face="Times New Roman">
Julia Mamaea
|
Caracalla
(
Latin
:
Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus
;4  April 188 – 8 April 217) was
Roman emperor
from 198 to 217 The eldest son of
Septimius Severus
, for a short time he ruled  jointly with his younger brother
Geta
until he had him murdered in 211.  Caracalla is remembered as one of the most notorious and unpleasant of emperors  because of the massacres and persecutions he authorized and instigated  throughout the Empire.
Caracalla's reign was also notable for the
Constitutio Antoniniana
(also called the  Edict of Caracalla), granting
Roman citizenship
to all freemen throughout the
Roman Empire
, which according to historian
Cassius Dio
, was done for the purposes of  raising tax revenue. He is also one of the emperors who commissioned a large  public bath-house (
thermae
)  in Rome. The remains of the
Baths of Caracalla
are still one of the major  tourist attractions of the Italian capital.
Early life
Caracalla, of mixed
Punic
–
Roman
and
Syrian
descent, was born Lucius Septimius  Bassianus in
Lugdunum
,
Gaul
(now
Lyon
,
France
), the son of the later Emperor Septimius  Severus and
Julia Domna
. At the age of seven, his name was  changed to Marcus Aurelius Septimius Bassianus Antoninus to create a connection  to the family of the philosopher emperor
Marcus Aurelius
. He was later given the
Caracalla
nickname
,  which referred to the Gallic hooded tunic he habitually wore and which he made  fashionable.
Reign (211)
Murder of brother  (211)
His father died in 211 at
Eboracum
(now
York
) while on campaign in northern Britain. Caracalla was present  and was then proclaimed emperor by the troops along with his brother
Publius Septimius Antoninus Geta
. Caracalla  suspended the
campaign in Caledonia
and soon ended all  military activity, as both brothers wanted to be sole ruler thus making  relations between them increasingly hostile. When they tried to rule the Empire  jointly they actually considered dividing it in halves, but were persuaded not  to do so by their mother.
Then in December 211 at a reconciliation meeting arranged by their mother  Julia, Caracalla had Geta assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard loyal  to himself, Geta dying in his mother's arms. Caracalla then persecuted and  executed most of Geta's supporters and ordered a
damnatio memoriae
pronounced by the Senate  against his brother's memory.
Geta's image was simply removed from all coinage, paintings and statues,  leaving a blank space next to Caracalla's. Among those executed were his former  cousin-wife
Fulvia Plautilla
, his unnamed daughter with  Plautilla along with her brother and other members of the family of his former  father-in-law
Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
. Plautianus had  already been executed for alleged treachery against emperor Severus in 205.
About the time of his accession he ordered the
Roman currency
devalued, the silver purity of  the
denarius
was decreased from 56.5% to 51.5%, the  actual silver weight dropping from 1.81 grams to 1.66 grams – though the overall  weight slightly increased. In 215 he introduced the
antoninianus
, a "double denarius" weighing  5.1 grams and containing 2.6 grams of silver – a purity of 52%.
In the Roman provinces
In 213, Caracalla went north to the German frontier to deal with the
Alamanni
tribesmen who were raiding in the
Agri Decumates
. The Romans did defeat the  Alamanni in battle near the river
Main
, but failed to win a decisive victory over  them. After a peace agreement was brokered and a large bribe payment given to  the invaders, the Senate conferred upon him the empty title of
Germanicus  Maximus
. He also acquired the surname
Alemannicus
at this time. The  following year the tyrant traveled to the East, to Syria and Egypt never to  return to Rome.
Gibbon
in his work describes Caracalla as "the  common enemy of mankind". He left the capital in 213, about a year after the  murder of Geta, and spent the rest of his reign in the provinces, particularly  those of the East. He kept the Senate and other wealthy families in check by  forcing them to construct, at their own expense, palaces, theaters, and places  of entertainment throughout the periphery. New and heavy taxes were levied  against the bulk of the population, with additional fees and confiscations  targeted at the wealthiest families.
When the inhabitants of
Alexandria
heard Caracalla's claims that he had  killed Geta in self-defense, they produced a satire mocking this as well as  Caracalla's other pretensions. In 215, Caracalla savagely responded to this  insult by slaughtering the deputation of leading citizens who had unsuspectingly  assembled before the city to greet his arrival, and then unleashed his troops  for several days of looting and plunder in Alexandria. According to historian  Cassius Dio, over 20,000 people were killed.
[
citation  needed
]
Domestic Roman policy
Affiliation with  the army
During his reign as emperor, Caracalla raised the annual pay of an average  legionary to 675
denarii
and lavished many benefits on the  army which he both feared and admired, as instructed by his father Septimius  Severus who had told him on his deathbed to always mind the soldiers and ignore  everyone else. Caracalla did manage to win the trust of the military with  generous pay rises and popular gestures, like marching on foot among the  ordinary soldiers, eating the same food, and even grinding his own flour with  them.
With the soldiers, "He forgot even the proper dignity of his rank,  encouraging their insolent familiarity," according to Gibbon. "The vigour of the  army, instead of being confirmed by the severe discipline of the camps, melted  away in the luxury of the cities."
His official portraiture marks a break with the detached images of the  philosopher–emperors who preceded him: his close-cropped haircut is that of a  soldier, his pugnacious scowl a realistic and threatening presence. This rugged  soldier–emperor iconic archetype was adopted by most of the following emperors  who depended on the support of the troops to rule, like his eventual successor
Maximinus Thrax
.
Seeking to secure his own legacy, Caracalla also commissioned one of Rome's  last major architectural achievements, the
Baths of Caracalla
, the 2nd largest public  baths ever built in ancient Rome. The main room of the baths was larger than
St. Peter's Basilica
, and could easily  accommodate over 2,000 Roman citizens at one time. The bath house opened in 216,  complete with libraries, private rooms and outdoor tracks. Internally it was  lavishly decorated with gold-trimmed marble floors, columns, mosaics and  colossal statuary.
Edict of  Caracalla (212)
The
Constitutio Antoniniana
(Latin: "Constitution  [or Edict] of Antoninus") (also called
Edict of Caracalla
) was an edict  issued in 212 by Caracalla which declared that all free men in the Roman Empire  were to be given full Roman citizenship and all free women in the Empire were  given the same rights as Roman women.
Before 212, for the most part only inhabitants of Italia held full Roman  citizenship. Colonies of Romans established in other provinces, Romans (or their  descendants) living in provinces, the inhabitants of various cities throughout  the Empire, and small numbers of local nobles (such as kings of client  countries) held full citizenship also. Provincials, on the other hand, were  usually non-citizens, although many held the
Latin Right
.
The Roman Historian
Cassius Dio
contended that the sole motivation  for the edict was a desire to increase state revenue.At the time aliens did not  have to pay most taxes that were required of citizens, so although nominally  Caracalla was elevating their legal status, he was more importantly expanding  the Roman tax base. The effect of this was to remove the distinction that  citizenship had held since the foundation of Rome and as such the act had a  profound effect upon the fabric of Roman society.
War with Parthia
According to the historian Herodian, in 216, Caracalla tricked the Parthians  into believing that he accepted a marriage and peace proposal, but then had the  bride and guests slaughtered after the wedding celebrations. The thereafter  ongoing conflict and skirmishes became known as the
Parthian war of Caracalla
.
Assassination (217)
The Roman Empire during the reign of Caracalla.
While travelling from
Edessa
to continue the war with
Parthia
, he was assassinated while urinating at  a roadside near
Carrhae
on 8 April 217 (4 days after his 29th  birthday), by Julius Martialis, an officer of his personal bodyguard.
Herodian
says that Martialis' brother had been  executed a few days earlier by Caracalla on an unproven charge; Cassius Dio, on  the other hand, says that Martialis was resentful at not being promoted to the  rank of centurion. The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve  himself, and Martialis then ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword  stroke. While attempting to flee, the bold assassin was then quickly dispatched  by a Scythian archer of the Imperial Guard.
Caracalla was succeeded by his
Praetorian Guard Prefect
,
Macrinus
, who (according to Herodian) was most  probably responsible for having the emperor assassinated.
His nickname
According to
Aurelius Victor
in his
Epitome de Caesaribus
,  the
agnomen
"Caracalla" refers to a Gallic
cloak
that Caracalla adopted as a personal  fashion, which spread to his army and his court. Cassius Dio and the
Historia Augusta
agree that his nickname  was derived from his cloak, but do not mention its country of origin.
Legendary king of  Britain
Geoffrey of Monmouth
's legendary
History of the Kings of Britain
makes  Caracalla a king of Britain, referring to him by his actual name "Bassianus",  rather than the nickname Caracalla. In the story, after Severus's death the  Romans wanted to make Geta king of Britain, but the Britons preferred Bassianus  because he had a British mother. The two brothers fought a battle in which Geta  was killed and Bassianus succeeded to the throne. He ruled until he was betrayed  by his
Pictish
allies and overthrown by
Carausius
, who, according to Geoffrey, was a  Briton, rather than the historically much later
Menapian
Gaul that he actually was.
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